Terrorism is one of the most important challenges of criminal justice in the domestic and international arena. With the increase in terrorist crimes, some governments have taken new measures to protect citizens and maintain the authority of national sovereignty and ensure public order and security. Hence, extensive changes have taken place in the criminal justice system of different countries. Paying attention to the dangerous state (dangerousness) of the perpetrators and repressive responses has led criminals to become more secure. Since prevention in its specific sense and traditional criminalizations (criminologies) are not effective lonely, relying on the concept of danger with preconceived (preemption, anticipation) notion implies a new paradigm in preventing terrorist delinquency in the form of new criminalizations. Premeditated (anticipated) criminality focuses on terrorism-related behaviors and stops the perpetrator himself or herself on the verge of committing a terrorist crime. Instead of waiting for those who seek to commit a terrorist crime to succeed, legislatures are expanding the scope of criminal law to bring the struggle to their knees. Thus, by creating an active and prepared state in criminal law, they either move the realm of criminal law beyond the attempt of a crime or collusion (conspiracy), or by criminalizing crimes related to a terrorist crime or temporary intervention measures, intended for “ before the threat” , extend criminal law as far as possible with the aim of preemption (anticipation) in the fight against terrorism.

Fear can be known as the most important aim in terrorist actions. Although these kind of actions can affect many people physically, directly or indirectly, on the base of psychology of terrorism, it can be said that fear spreading is the main purpose of terrorism and terror can be described and defined just on the base of fear. This purpose may be created by the use of mass communication tools and may be spreaded with the kindness of technology which is promoting day by day. This fear which is hidden in terrorist acts could help the terrorists in the way of their goals and could help the states to obtain the obedience of their citizens. terrorist groups can use the fear spreading to effect on the states and on the other hand this fear enables the states to control the public emotions on the light of fear from terrorism and in the meanwhile the security of people would be sacrificed by the fear and instead they would get the unpleasant sense of miserably.

The retreat strategy of penal law was the result of a movement happened in European countries in 1975. Decriminalization of some criminal acts was the most important result of this movement. Consequently, the most important European countries penal policy in line with the mentioned strategy was decriminalization, in addition to two other approaches- diversion and depenalization.In any case, the above mentioned penal policy has not had universality and generality. Among crimes, terrorist acts have seen a vast extension of decriminazation in France and other European countries in recent decades. This article tries to illustrate the existence of such offensive decriminalization in the field of terrorist acts in France by relying on French legal texts.

Nowadays the terrorist acts as global acts have spread as to involve all the world. terrorist acts in September 11 2001 was a start point to vilolent reactions in the world and was the beginning of intense encounter and resulted in passing the strict statutes in countries which changed the boarders of criminal law but could not prevent these kind of actions. Emerging ISIS, as the modern version of violence and bestiality, may be a good reason to prove this idea. This fact indicates that the suppression would not be a reliable way to combat the terrorism and the soft view of criminology can be used as parallel to empower the hope for combating terrorism. This survey has been done analytically and has had a look to some of the theories of criminology and finally has achieved to this conclusion that by providing the uniformity and avoiding alienation, the bases of dialogue and civil protest could be established and the violence would be replaced by civil protest.

Economic sanctions have become increasingly prominent policy instruments since the beginning of the 21st century. Major global players, such as United States of America, European Union, and the United Nations, mostly use punitive economic measures to prevent state violence and other state actions deemed intolerable. Sanctions have been a major tool in crises including major human rights violations, terrorism, military aggression, proliferation of nuclear weapons and commercial disputes. Emphasizing on economic means distinguishes struggling against terrorist acts from other measures. Therefore, the economic and military power of states in process of dealing with such actions and the use of various economic tools such as the implementation of economic sanctions make curbing terrorist acts and protecting international security possible. Therefore, along with other effective action and reaction strategies in confrontation with terrorism, the most important strategy is to adopt sanctions approaches or prescribe economic sanctions when facing terrorist acts. Thus, regarding effective struggle against terrorism, economic sanction not only does not lead to violation of human rights, but also it is considered as a strategy to restore lost human rights.

One of the most important challenge facing international community and international criminal law is the increasing expansion of terrorist acts and operations which is a serious threat to international peace and security. This dreadful phenomenon usually occurs in organized forms transnationally. Threats caused by terrorism are more than individual offences and to encounter it effectively is inconceivable without regulating a legitimate international foundation and avoiding “Dual Standards” policy.

Warning in the field of terrorist acts is one of the most complex issues that has been always a chalenge for intelligence and security agencies. One of the essential challenges is dividing duties of each of the agencies in the warning system that may be responsible for. This research intends to answer the question of what role the protecting agency plays in protecting the assets in the warning system? This research is of applied type in terms of objectives. The selected strategy for this research is the field studies (data-based) in which the acquired data were analyzed through interviewing seventeen experts using content analysis method and ulilyzing TI 9 Almanac. Findings and results of this research show that the warning route is not a one-way route from the intelligence agency to the protecting agency andis continuously moving back and forth in the warning system cycle and on the other hand, in each of the steps of the warning system, certain duties are established which the agencies should do in order to improve and affect that step together and across the longitudinal process of warning so that warning can implement its function correctly.

One of the important issues in the border relations between Iran and Pakistan has been the influence of terrorist groups within Iran's borders and numerous terrorist acts and insecurities that these groups have had. Given the international responsibility of the Pakistani government for these insecurities in the border areas of Iran and Pakistan, the aim of this study is to assess the international responsibility of the Pakistani government for terrorist acts on the Iranian border in accordance with international law, regulations and procedures. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and library resources, documents, and valid international jurisprudence have used to gather information. The findings show that it is difficult to attribute the international responsibility of the Pakistani government to "directing" and "supporting" terrorists, as it is difficult for the Pakistani government to achieve "effective control" over terrorist groups. On the other hand, if it is established that the Pakistani government was aware of the terrorist attacks on the Iranian border, it was also able to prevent the attack, but it neglects to do so and has failed to warn Iran to prevent terrorist acts. It can be concluded that the Pakistani government has taken responsibility for the activities of terrorist groups because it violates international obligations, as well as UN Security Council resolutions on the duty of governments to consciously prevent anyone to use their territory in a way that would jeopardize the rights and security of other countries has been violated.

Background and aim: The phenomenon of terrorism has been one of the security and social problems of Sistan and Baluchestan province in different periods of history. Despite the high cost and the continued efforts of the government and security forces in terrorism, there are still issues and conditions that provide the necessary background for the creation of terrorist acts. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to identify the facilitating factors of terrorist acts in the east of Iran with emphasis on Sistan and Baluchistan province. Research methodology: The purpose of this study is practical and the method of implementation is quantitative and the data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 87 full-time law enforcement officers who have served in the Sistan-Baluchistan police and border police services for more than 4 years, each with at least one case of counter-revolutionary terrorist activity in that province. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive analysis. Findings: The findings of the study showed that two categories of situational (territorial and border) and nature (cultural and social) factors are the facilitating factors for terrorist acts in Sistan and Baluchistan, among which the factors related to border situation with an average of 4. 3% and cultural situation with an average of 4. 1 had the most influence in facilitating terrorist acts in the province. Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, in order to prevent and reduce the factors affecting the facilitation of terrorist acts in Sistan and Baluchestan province from the situational point of view, it is effective to take the necessary security measures in the context of these measures and to interact with the opposite country to prevent terrorists from taking refuge in its borders. Also from the viewpoint of essence, creating ethnic, religious, and cultural convergences, aligning the views of the people and authorities with regard to the fight against terrorism and not supporting them are effective.

In recent years, terrorist groups have made significant changes in the field of terrorism by using the media and cyberspace, which can be seen in the terrorist acts of recent decades in the southeast of the country, especially the approach of the Jondollah group to influence public opinion using the media and cyberspace. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of media and cyberspace on terrorist acts in southeastern Iran (Jondollah group) using qualitative methods and grounded theory methods using information and data collected by library methods It was done with a questionnaire taking tool and a field method with a semi-structured type of interview, which reached the saturation level after 26 interviews with professors, experts and local knowledgeable people, in which 84 codes were extracted in the primary coding and 166 codes in the secondary coding, 65 concepts were obtained in the conceptual coding, and finally, 18 major categories out of 65 concepts were obtained. It was extracted that finally, it was concluded that the most important category in this regard is "preventive strategies", which includes technological solutions Technological solutions, educational and cultural solutions, are supervisory and control solutions, which include 5 partial solutions: 1) education, 2) culture-building, 3) information, 4) content production, and 5) monitoring and control.